How did stronger monarchies develop power during the later Middle Ages?

Stronger monarchies during the later Middle Ages developed power primarily by hiring a growing bureaucracy and establishing a controlled army. This development marked a significant shift in governance. As monarchs sought to consolidate their power, they created administrative systems to manage their realms more effectively. A growing bureaucracy allowed for more efficient tax collection, law enforcement, and governance, which contributed to a more centralized authority.

Additionally, maintaining a controlled army was crucial for the monarchs to assert their power and defend against external threats, as well as to suppress internal rebellions. Unlike feudal armies that relied on noble vassals, a standing army provided monarchs with direct control and loyalty, which further strengthened their position.

In contrast, increasing the number of vassals did not inherently strengthen a monarchy’s power but rather perpetuated the feudal system, which divided power among various lords. Forming alliances with local lords could provide temporary benefits, yet it also risked reinforcing local powers and undermining the central authority. Finally, decentralizing decisions would weaken rather than strengthen a monarchy, as it undermines the ability to enforce laws and manage the kingdom effectively. Thus, the establishment of a bureaucracy and a controlled army were pivotal in enhancing the power of monarchies during this