How did the concept of nationalism evolve during the 19th century?

The concept of nationalism evolved significantly during the 19th century, transitioning from a primarily unifying force that brought people together under shared cultural or ethnic identities to a more divisive one in certain contexts. Initially, nationalism played a crucial role in unifying various groups, especially in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars, where shared national identities inspired movements for independence and unification, such as the unification of Germany and Italy.

However, as the century progressed, nationalism also became associated with exclusionary practices and rivalries among different nationalities and ethnic groups. This shift is evident in the rise of nationalist movements that sought not only self-determination but also asserted superiority over others, leading to conflicts and tensions in multi-ethnic regions. The latter part of the 19th century saw nationalism linked with imperialism, where strong nations sought to exert control over weaker ones, further highlighting its divisive potential. This complex evolution illustrates how nationalism, while initially a force for unity, can also amplify divisions and lead to conflict among different groups.