What factor contributed significantly to the rise of fascism in Europe during the 20th century?

The rise of fascism in Europe during the 20th century was significantly driven by the economic hardships resulting from the Great Depression. The Great Depression, which began in 1929, caused massive unemployment, poverty, and social unrest across Europe. Many countries faced dire economic situations, leading to widespread disillusionment with traditional political parties and democratic systems, which appeared incapable of addressing the crises.

In this context, fascist movements emerged by promising national rejuvenation, economic recovery, and stable governance. They capitalized on the fears and frustrations of the populace, presenting themselves as strong, authoritative alternatives to the current political order. This manipulation of public sentiment played a crucial role in their rise, allowing leaders like Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany to gain power by appealing to the sense of nationalism and the desire for economic stability.

The other options do not capture the same level of significance in contributing to the rise of fascism. Economic stability, mass migration, and reforms in social policies did not create the conditions ripe for fascism; rather, it was the economic turmoil and the subsequent societal unrest that led many to turn to fascist ideologies as a solution to their problems.