What is the definition of "nationalism" in a 19th-century context?

In a 19th-century context, nationalism is best defined as an ideological focus on a particular nation's interests. This period was characterized by the rise of national identities, where people began to see themselves primarily as citizens of a nation rather than subjects of empires or monarchs. Nationalism emphasized the importance of self-determination, cultural unity, and collective identity, often leading to movements for statehood or independence among various ethnic and cultural groups.

During the 19th century, many nations sought to assert their identity, establish sovereignty, and promote a cohesive national narrative. This resulted in significant political changes, including revolutions and the unification of countries, as seen in the unification of Germany and Italy. Nationalism often sought to break away from imperial domination and foster a sense of pride among the populace regarding their common heritage, language, and traditions.