What was a key result of the Industrial Revolution on European society?

The Industrial Revolution fundamentally transformed European society, primarily through the process of urbanization. As industries grew and factories were established, large numbers of people migrated from rural areas to urban centers in search of work. This shift marked a significant change in lifestyle and social structure, as urban areas became hubs of economic activity and cultural exchange.

The growth of factories required a substantial labor force, drawing individuals away from agrarian work and into industrial jobs. As a result, cities expanded rapidly, leading to significant demographic changes. Urban areas experienced challenges such as overcrowding, poor sanitation, and the rise of new social classes, including the industrial working class and a burgeoning middle class. This urbanization was not just a consequence of economic necessity; it also led to profound social and cultural changes, influencing everything from family structures to political ideologies.

In contrast, options suggesting a decrease in urban populations, a rise of handcraft industries, or a reduction in factory production do not align with the realities of the Industrial Revolution, which was characterized by an increasing concentration of people in urban settings and a significant expansion of factory-based production.