What was the outcome of the English Civil War?

The outcome of the English Civil War was indeed the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. This conflict, which took place between 1642 and 1651, led to significant political and social changes in England. The war was primarily fought between supporters of the Crown (Royalists) and supporters of Parliament (Parliamentarians). After a series of battles, the Parliamentarians, led by figures such as Oliver Cromwell, ultimately emerged victorious.

Following the war, the monarchy was temporarily abolished, and England was declared a commonwealth under Cromwell's leadership. However, after Cromwell's death and the subsequent political instability, the monarchy was restored in 1660 under Charles II, but with significant limitations imposed on royal power. This marked the beginning of a system in which the monarch had to govern in conjunction with Parliament, leading to the development of constitutional monarchy in England. This outcome fundamentally changed the relationship between the monarchy and its subjects, ensuring parliamentary sovereignty and laying the groundwork for modern democratic governance.