What were the main causes of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?

The Protestant Reformation was a multifaceted movement influenced by a range of interconnected factors, which is why "All of the above" serves as the most accurate answer.

Corruption within the Catholic Church, including issues such as the sale of indulgences, clerical immorality, and a lack of spiritual leadership, prompted many to question the legitimacy and authority of the Church. Reformers like Martin Luther aimed to address these abuses, which were seen as betrayals of Christian principles.

Furthermore, the desire for religious and political autonomy played a significant role. Many regions and emerging nation-states sought to break away from the centralized power of the Catholic Church, allowing for the rise of local religious practices and governance that reflected the cultural and political identities of the people. This quest for independence was evident in various regions where governance and religion became increasingly tied together.

Socio-economic factors also contributed to the Reformation. The growth of a merchant class and changes in the economy shifted power dynamics in society, where economic independence fueled demands for religious freedom and reform. Increased literacy rates, driven by the printing press, further allowed for the spread of reformist ideas, questioning the established Church's teachings.

Together, these causes paint a comprehensive picture of the environment that fostered