Which groups were represented in the English Parliament formed in 1265?

The English Parliament formed in 1265 included representatives from the House of Lords and the House of Commons, marking a significant development in the evolution of parliamentary governance in England. This structure allowed for a more organized system where different social classes could have a voice in government matters. The House of Lords typically consisted of the nobility and clergy, while the House of Commons included representatives elected from the common people and the emerging bourgeoisie, such as merchants and landowners. This dual assembly laid the groundwork for the modern parliamentary system, reflecting a broader representation of society in decision-making processes.

Other options do not accurately describe the composition of Parliament at this time. Nobles and serfs were present in society, but the specific representation in Parliament was more formalized in terms of the institutional framework. Similarly, while clergy and commoners were involved, they were represented more distinctly in their respective houses rather than as a combined group at that time. Finally, knights and merchants are included in the broader notion of the Commons but do not specifically represent the formal division seen in the House of Lords and House of Commons established in 1265.