Which of the following ideas is associated with John Calvin?

John Calvin is primarily associated with the doctrine of predestination, which asserts that God has already chosen who will be saved and who will be damned. This belief emphasizes the sovereignty of God in the process of salvation, indicating that human actions do not influence one’s ultimate fate. Calvin's teachings were central to the Reformation and significantly shaped Protestant theology, establishing a framework that contrasted sharply with Catholic beliefs concerning salvation, which often included the role of good works and faith.

Calvin's ideas had a profound impact on different Protestant branches, particularly Reformed churches, and contributed to the development of a distinct attitude towards ethics and civic responsibility among Calvinists. This notion of predestination helped to foster a culture of introspection and a strong emphasis on moral living, as individuals sought signs of their "elected" status through their actions and faith.